What side effects are commonly associated with the use of LAMAs?

The use of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) is often associated with specific side effects due to their mechanism of action. LAMAs, such as tiotropium and aclidinium, work by blocking the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the airway smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation. However, this blockade can also affect other muscarinic receptors in the body, primarily in the salivary glands, bladder, and eyes.

Dry mouth is a common side effect because the inhibition of muscarinic receptors reduces saliva production, leading to xerostomia. Urinary retention can occur as LAMAs can affect the bladder and decrease its contractility, making it harder to urinate. Moreover, the blockade of muscarinic receptors in the eye can raise the risk of glaucoma, particularly in patients with preexisting conditions, due to increased intraocular pressure.

This set of side effects directly correlates with the physiological impacts of muscarinic receptor antagonism, making dry mouth, urinary retention, and glaucoma risk the most appropriate choice regarding the side effects that are commonly associated with LAMAs.