What is the mechanism of action of omalizumab?

Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets and binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE is an antibody that plays a central role in the allergic response and is involved in conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis. By binding to IgE, omalizumab prevents it from attaching to its receptors on mast cells and basophils, thereby inhibiting the release of mediators that contribute to allergic inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

This mechanism is particularly useful in managing severe asthma that is not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids. By reducing the overall level of free IgE available, omalizumab effectively decreases the likelihood of an allergic response, leading to improved asthma control and a reduction in exacerbations.

Understanding the function of omalizumab helps highlight its role in the broader category of asthma treatments that target immune pathways, distinguishing it from therapies that might focus solely on specific interleukins or the historic standard treatments that primarily address symptoms through mechanisms like antihistamine effects.